Category: News

The first batch of the Development of Public Sector Productivity Specialists – Foundation Course (DPSPS-FC) officially entered the course’s second phase last 24 March 2023.

The attendees from 10 participating national government agencies–the Bureau of Animal Industry, Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority, Department of Science and Technology Region 6, National Youth Commission, Philippine Navy, Department of Agrarian Reform Central Office, Department of Social Welfare and Development Field Office IV-B, National Security Council, Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Academy, and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology–had a pitching session of their Productivity Improvement Plan (PIP).

The PIPs were presented for comments and suggestions from their nominating officers and training experts Elena Cruz, former Vice President of the Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) Productivity and Development Center and Nina Estudillo, Productivity Expert at Asian Productivity Organization.

Through this session, the participants determined if their PIPs are ready to be transitioned to the pilot-testing stage. This session is part of a four-part stage of the foundation course, which consists of lectures and workshops, pitching, pilot-testing, and knowledge sharing.

The DPSPS-FC, organized by the DAP Center of Excellence on Public-Sector Productivity, is a two-month hybrid training program designed to equip technical staff and officers of the Management Division and related offices of public-sector organizations with the knowledge and skills in measurement, analysis, planning, and troubleshooting to increase their organizations’ productivity.

Participants from the National Security Council during the online Pitching Session
Participants from DAR – Central Office during the online Pitching Session
Participants from DSWD-MIMAROPA during the online pitching session

The Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) as the Center of Excellence on Public Sector Productivity (COE-PSP) organized the lecture and workshop series for the first batch of the Development of Public Sector Productivity Specialists Foundation Course (DPSPS-FC) for 2023, with attendees from 10 National Government Agencies (NGAs).

With a total of 47 participants, the DPSPS-FC concluded the series of lectures and workshop sessions held on 13-17 March 2023 via Zoom platform. The participating agencies are as follows: Bureau of Animal Industry, Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority, Department of Science and Technology Region 6, National Youth Commission, Philippine Navy, Department of Agrarian Reform Central Office, Department of Social Welfare and Development Field Office IV-B, National Security Council, Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Academy, and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology.

Center for Governance Managing Director Ms. Imelda Caluen delivered the opening remarks on the first day of the course. The initial stage of the foundation course, meanwhile, was divided into five sessions that aim to equip the participants to develop a Productivity Improvement Plan (PIP). The participants attended the following sessions: Understanding Productivity Concepts, Measuring Productivity in the Public Sector, Diagnosing and Analyzing Productivity, Identifying Productivity Improvement Solutions, and the Development of the Productivity Improvement Plan. The sessions were delivered by AO25 Secretariat’s Director Ms. Ma. Rosario Ablan; DAP Productivity and Development Center’s former Vice President Ms. Elena Cruz; Asian Productivity Organization’s Productivity Expert Ms. Nina Estudillo; and COE-PSP’s Project Officer Ms. Rocio Paloma.

The five-day training workshop was essential in crafting the PIP, which will be presented to each agency’s nominating officers. The creation of PIPs enabled the participants to put into practice their learnings, which can contribute to the collective improvement of public sector productivity.

DPSPS-FC is a training program designed to equip technical staff and officers of Management Divisions and related offices of public sector organizations with the knowledge and skills in measurement, analysis, planning, and troubleshooting to increase their respective organizations’ productivity.

As part of the 2023 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Work, Innovation, Productivity and Skills, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) held a session to discuss how policymakers should respond to the latest developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI). With the advent of new technologies such as deep learning and autonomous systems, the session aimed to explore the challenges and opportunities of these new forms of AI and identify ways stakeholders can use this policy to ensure that benefits are maximized, and risks are minimized.

Summary

The session held last 27 March was attended by representatives from the academe, government, and civil society, who discussed AI’s role in addressing critical social challenges. Participants also discussed the importance of ensuring that AI is developed in a way that is consistent with fundamental human rights, including privacy, non-discrimination, and fairness.

Speakers and panelists include Professor Ajay Agrawal (Economist and Professor at the University of Toronto’s Rotman School of Management), Emilija Stojmenova Duh (Minister of Digital Transformation, Republic of Slovenia), Zoë Baird (Senior Counsellor to Secretary Gina Raimondo, U.S. Department of Commerce), and Gabriel Mazzini (Team Leader, AI ACT, European Commission). Stephanie Ifayemi (Partnership on AI) moderated the panel discussion.

In his keynote speech, Professor Agrawal centered his discussion on the economic implications of AI systems – their costs and benefits. He also discussed the difference between the Point Solution and System Solution concerning AI technologies.

Professor Agrawal said most AI applications are being brought to market as a point solution to increase the productivity gains of stakeholders. For example, taxi companies provide navigational AIs to make professional taxi drivers better and to increase their productivity.

On the other hand, the system-level solution attempts to redesign the entire system with a new resolution to increase productivity. Uber, for example, was a complete redesign of the system.

During the panel discussion, Minister Duh provided several policy recommendations that Slovenia is making and shared how her country is balancing to address the emerging risks of AI while promoting innovation and adoption of trustworthy AI.

According to Minister Duh, some of their AI priority policies include quality data and open data maturity, setting up data stewards in the public sector, and establishing a national program for AI.

On the other hand, Baird discussed how the United States invests in education and training programs to ensure that individuals are equipped with the skills and knowledge necessary to work with new technologies.

“Productivity improvements can come from multiple directions. It is an area of enormous challenge to create an agile, rapidly-changing training system that enables millions of workers to learn the skills to participate in the economy and enables multiple new entrants and results in an economy that is not concentrated in a few winners,” Ms. Baird added.

Overall, the session provided insights into how policymakers should respond to the latest developments in AI by ensuring that policies promote human well-being and advance the public interest.

Key Takeaways

  • As AI continues to evolve and become increasingly integrated into our daily lives, it is essential that policymakers take a proactive approach to ensure that benefits are maximized, and risks are minimized.
  • It is vital for countries to develop ethical guidelines and standards for AI.
  • Public participation and dialogue are essential in shaping AI policy to ensure that all stakeholders’ interests are taken into account.

Watch the recording of the session here.

Professor Ajay Agrawal of the University of Torotno delivers his keynote speech.

The Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP), through its Center of Excellence on Public Sector Productivity (COE-PSP), officially launched the Productivity Challenge on February 28, 2023.

This challenge, which will run from 2023 to 2026, is multi-year crowdsourcing of ideas and actions aimed at boosting public sector productivity in the country.

It also envisions advancement in the productivity movement by raising awareness and enabling a culture of innovation to improve performance and quality service delivery.

The launch featured a webinar titled Elevating Public Sector Productivity: From Awareness to Action which targets to increase awareness and stimulate discussion on public sector productivity.

1,000 Ideas

This year, the challenge will focus on collecting and curating 1,000 Ideas that will spark productivity in the public sector. The challenge aims to provide a platform for innovative ideas on productivity.

Individuals and groups working in the public sector are encouraged to submit their ideas which will be stored in an online repository that public sector practitioners and decision-makers can access. These ideas will help them in championing public sector productivity within their organizations.

Accepting of entries for the 1,000 Ideas started last March 1, 2023, through this platform.

COE-PSP Program Manager Peter Dan Baon, who led the launch, said that the Productivity Challenge is a nudge to accelerate the much-needed productivity change in the Philippine Government.

As part of the launch, the COE-PSP also organized a webinar where Ms. Maria Rosario Ablan, a Fellow of the COE-PSP, provided an overview and practical examples of innovative ideas on productivity in the public sector.

Understanding Productivity

During her discussion, Ms. Ablan explained that, traditionally, productivity refers to the volume of inputs over the number of outputs. Productivity measures the efficiency of production inputs such as labor and capital.

Ms. Ablan explained productivity in three concepts:

  • As a technical concept – Productivity can either be partial (which refers to the ratio of output to a single input) or total (the ratio of output to all inputs).
  • As a social concept – Productivity is all attitude of the mind. It seeks to continuously improve what already exists and think of ways to do better today than yesterday.
  • As a management concept – Productivity is a managed process where an organization efficiently converts inputs to outputs (products/services) to satisfy the expectations of its clients and stakeholders.
Common productivity issues

In her presentation, Ms. Ablan shared the concepts of Three Mus introduced by Taiichi Ohno, a Japanese industrial engineer considered the Father of the Toyota Production System.

  • Muda (waste) – Any activity that consumes resources without adding customer value. Muda essentially increases organizational costs while increasing the possibility of committing errors. Examples of Muda include defects, overproduction, waiting, non-utilized talent, transportation, inventory, motion, and extra processing.
  • Mura (unevenness) – This productivity issue refers to the erratic pace of work (i.e., rushed, slowed down, or stopped). Mura promotes inconsistencies within the organization, attributed to poor planning and an unbalanced workload.
  • Muri (overburden) – Utilization of people or equipment beyond their capacity. Mura brings unnecessary stress or burden to people and equipment.

During the webinar, the participants had the opportunity to share the productivity problems and concerns they face within their respective organizations, aligned with the productivity wastes discussed.

Productivity in action

Ms. Ablan also shared examples of productivity initiatives in the Philippines and from other countries. Here are some:

  • Philippines – Baliwag Treasury Information and Management System by the Provincial Government of Bulacan. The system required less manual paperwork and allowed real-time cash flow monitoring and efficient report generation.
  • Malaysia – Facial Recognition to prevent crimes by the Penang State Government. The intervention helped ease law enforcement and address street crimes by installing and upgrading the CCTV control center.
  • Hong Kong – Vehicle Mapping System by the Hong Kong Lands Department. This intervention helped efficiently acquire street view imagery and point cloud data, enabling the government to assess buildings’ conditions.
  • Indonesia – Citizen Relationship Management Application by the Jakarta Provincial Government and Jakarta City Management. The app aims to bridge the gap between the citizens and the provincial government and promote a transparent, clean, citizen-focused type of government.

“If the productivity at the national level is high, it means that we have an effective use of resources—leading to economic growth and a better standard of living and human welfare,” Ms. Ablan said during the webinar.

Did you miss the event? Watch the webinar recording here.

Are you up to the challenge? Join and visit us at http://productivitychallenge.dap.edu.ph/.

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The Development Academy of the Philippines is inviting representatives of any government agency to participate in the Designing Citizen-Centered Public Service (DCCPS) Capability Development Program. The DCCPS is one of the Academy’s strategies to contribute to the effort to raise the productivity performance of agencies, as stipulated in the Philippine Development Plan 2023-2028 (Chapter 14, Outcome 3).

What is the Designing Citizen-Centered Public Service Program?

The Designing Citizen-Centered Public Service (DCCPS) is a three-month hybrid program aimed at assisting government agencies in developing solutions that address their clients’ needs and expectations. Read the full program here.

The DCCPS program is divided into four (4) phases:

Who can join?

To join, you must form a team of three (3) to five (5) members who satisfy the following qualifications:

  • Currently working in the same National Government Agency (NGA), Government-Owned and Controlled Corporation (GOCC), Local Government Units (LGU), and State Universities and Colleges (SUC);
  • Delivers the same service
  • Performs any of the following functions: decision-making, client support or frontline service delivery, administrative, logistics, and IT
  • Optional: A Division Chief or high-ranking official

Requirements from the participants:

Certificate of completion will be issued for those who:

  • attended all sessions under each phase of the program: Upskilling, Pitching, Pilot Testing and Coaching, and Knowledge and Experience Sharing.
  • submitted the required outputs; and
  • implemented and presented partial results of their innovation project in the Knowledge and Experience Sharing Session.

How to join?

Sign up by completing the Nomination Form and submitting the signed Letter of Commitment, which can be downloaded at: DCCPS Forms.

Please send the accomplished forms in PDF format to cfg-coepsp-gse1@dap.edu.ph

  • We have 40 slots for this batch and sign-ups are on a first come, first served basis. The deadline for Nomination Forms for this batch is on 14 March 2023.
  • This course is free of charge and only requires the full commitment of the nominated participants, including participation to catch up sessions after the workshop.
  • If slots are filled, nominees will be asked to join another batch.

For inquiries and clarifications about the DCCPS Workshop, please email us at cfg-coepsp-gse1@dap.edu.ph.

The Development Academy of the Philippines is inviting representatives of National Government Agencies (NGA) to participate in the Development of Public Sector Productivity Specialists – Foundation Course (DPSPSFC) Capability Development Program. The DPSPS-FC is one of the Academy’s strategies to help raise the productivity performance of agencies, as stipulated in the Philippine Development Plan 2023-2028 (Chapter 14, Outcome 3).

What is the Development of Public Sector Productivity Specialists – Foundation Course?

The DPSPS-FC is a two-month hybrid training program designed to equip technical staff and officers of Management Division and related offices of public-sector organizations (PSOs) with the knowledge and skills in measurement, analysis, planning, and troubleshooting to increase their organizations’ productivity. Read the full program here.

DPSPS-FC activities are divided into four phases:

Who can join?

To join, you must form a team of three (3) to five (5) members who satisfy the following qualifications:

  • Currently working in the same NGA.
  • Part of the Management Division or related offices whose functions involve:
  1. recommending measures to improve systems, processes, procedures, and services; reviewing and implementing of recommended improvements;
  2. conduct of training on systems/process improvements; and
  3. supervising staff supervision in implementing systems and process improvements.
  • Performs any of the following functions/roles: decision-making, technical management, operational management, administrative, planning, etc.
Requirements from the participants:

Certificate of Completion will be issued to those who:

  • attended all the phases of the program: Upskilling, Pitching, Pilot Testing and Coaching, and Knowledge and Experience Sharing;
  • submitted the required outputs, including the Productivity Improvement Plan (PIP); and
  • implemented and presented initial results of their productivity improvement initiative in the Knowledge and Experience Sharing Session.
How to join?

Sign up by completing the Nomination Form and submitting the signed Letter of Commitment, which you can download here: DPSPSFC Forms.

Please send the accomplished forms in PDF format to cfg-coepsp-gse1@dap.edu.ph

  • We have 40 slots for this batch and sign-ups are on a first come, first served basis. The deadline for Nomination Forms for this batch is on 24 February 2023.
  • This course is free of charge and only requires the full commitment of nominated participants including participation in the scheduled catch-up sessions.
  • If slots are filled, nominees will be asked to join another batch.

For inquiries and clarifications about the DPSPS-FC program, please email us at cfg-coepsp-gse1@dap.edu.ph.

Forty five participants from Asian Productivity Organization (APO) member economies attended the five-day training on Development of Public Sector Productivity Specialists, which tackled concepts and tools that can help improve public service delivery. The training was held on 5-9 December 2022.

Participants of the training on Development of Public Sector Productivity Specialists
Public sector productivity for a better quality of life

Dr. D Brian Marson, President of the Public Service Excellence Institute Canada and Dr. Shin Kim, Professional Research Fellow from the Korea Institute of Public Administration, provided different lectures on the role of leadership, systems, and processes that can help improve service delivery in the public sector. Among the topics delivered by the speakers are the role of the public sector, global trends, performance management, citizen-centered services, regulatory reform, and e-government, among others. This was also accompanied by resource speakers from the Development Academy of the Philippines, Measuring Public-Sector Productivity delivered by Mr. Arnel Abanto, Vice President of the Productivity and Development Center and Approaches for Improving Organizational Productivity handled by Director Maria Rosario Ablan of the AO25 Secretariat.

Dr. D Brian Marson, President of the Public Service Excellence Institute Canada.
Dr. Shin Kim from the Korea Institute of Public Administration discussing Regulatory Reform.
Implementation of Productivity Improvement Plans

Two local case presentations were also featured during the training to give the participants an opportunity to contextualize their learnings and visualize how productivity improvement plans can help their own offices. The two presenters are recipients of the Academy’s Government Best Practice Recognition (GBPR). Environmental Planner Ronaldo P. Dando, MBA, Director, Integrated Sustainability and Resilience Center from Camarines Norte State College, Philippines presented the Electronic Budget Planning Process 2.0 (EBPPRO 2.0) and Lorena Benjamine Espejo Human Resource Management Officer, Performance Management Section from the Local Government Unit of General Santos City, Philippines discussed i-COPE (Individual Comprehensive Onboarding Program for Employees): A Survival Toolkit for New Entrants.

Director Dando imparted how EBPPRO 2.0 has been proven very useful in the immediate processing of documented information and procurement scheduling. He added that the project helped the state university achieve its capital outlay goals over the last three years, making it one of the best funded colleges in the region.

The i-COPE project presented by Ms. Espejo detailed how it significantly decreased the employee turnover rate and how the annual average performance rating for new entrants exceeded the expected satisfactory rating required from them.

Ms. Espejo introduced Project i-Cope to the participants of the training.

The training workshop aimed to help the participants identify potential improvement actions that they can take in their own environment as they develop a culture of innovation and continuous productivity improvement in the public sector.

The Development Academy of the Philippines, as the country’s focal organization for the Asian Productivity Organization’s Center of Excellence on Public-Sector Productivity (COE-PSP), held a two-day webinar on Enhancing Employee Engagement for Improved Productivity on 1-2 December 2022. The webinar highlighted different ways on how to help align the employees with the organization, and how they can be protected and freely express themselves in the workplace.

Aligning Individual Purpose to Organizational Mission and Vision

On the first day of the webinar series, Josephine P. Perez, PhD, RPsy from the Ateneo Center for Organizational Research and Development, focused on understanding the value and purpose of a vision and mission and how it is important to see one’s role in the organization. She guided the viewers on how to understand their organization’s vision and mission and make their own personal mission statement to be able to re-align themselves with their organization and work more efficiently.

Creating a Better Working Environment

Ms. Maricel Aguilar, a gender consultant for different local and international organizations, looked into the importance of creating safe spaces for sustained productivity in the workplace. She presented different concepts in understanding sex, gender, intersectionality, and inclusivity. She also tackled how manifestations of sexism at work affects productivity, and existing policies that promote and create safe and fair workplaces. Lastly, she emphasized improvements that can be done to create a safe and fair workplace, and how it can foster productivity and better public service delivery.

This two-day webinar is available for replay on Facebook and YouTube. Stay tuned for more webinar series in the coming months.

This year’s Seminar-Conference on Public Sector Productivity organized by the Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP), in partnership with the Asian Productivity Organization (APO), underscored the need to combine agility and innovation in enhancing public sector productivity in the new normal.

Held on 18 November 2022, the seminar-conference tackled innovations and technological advances that could help the public sector deliver more and better services while integrating lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. The hybrid event gathered 55 participants onsite and thousands virtually. Participants from APO member economies, specifically from India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan, Republic of China, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Türkiye, also attended the event.

DAP President and Chief Executive Officer Atty. Engelbert Caronan, Jr., in his welcome remarks, mentioned the need for the public sector to apply innovation and big picture thinking to help ensure sustainable development.

In this keynote address, Civil Service Commission (CSC) Chairperson Atty. Karlo Alexei B. Nograles stressed the need for the public sector to embrace innovation. He added, “The future belongs to the most agile organizations which are willing to accelerate and embrace new possibilities presented by technology and paradigm shifts.”

The first half of the event gave a local perspective on public sector productivity and featured the following speakers: Secretary Renato U. Solidum, Jr. of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST); and Director Ma. Christina V. Abalos-Naig of the National Planning, Policy, and Standards Bureau – Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT). The second half of the event, which was the Conference proper, provided a global perspective on public sector productivity and had the following speakers: Undersecretary Maria Francesca M. Del Rosario of the Department of Budget and Management (DBM); Ms. Julia Bosse, Consultant for the European Institute of Public Administration; Mr. Alexander Heichlinger, Co-founder and CEO of GovInsight; and Dr. Kim Schumacher, Associate Professor in Sustainable Finance and ESG at Kyushu University.

In his closing message, Mr. Armand Tristan Suratos, APO Liaison Officer for the Philippines, explained how the uncertainties can be turned into opportunities to adopt new ways of thinking in the public sector.

Regulatory processes set frameworks and boundaries in which individuals, firms, and organizations can and should act within.

As the national productivity organization of the Philippines, the Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) believes in the importance of the government playing an active role in the enhancement of productivity and establishment of a regulatory environment that will allow businesses to thrive while consequently ensuring the protection of public interest.

DAP contributes to the smarter public sector initiative of the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 through its Center for Governance (CFG) and Productivity and Development Center (PDC). The Academy serves as the policy think-tank and capacity-building arm to regulators in the government sector to uplift and sustain their quality and efficiency standards to be at par with the international regulatory standards.

Making regulations more relevant and coherent

The DAP’s Modernizing Government Regulations (MGR) Program is a regulatory reform initiative that aims to make broad-based improvements in national productivity and competitiveness by examining regulations and identifying possible regulatory governance reforms. Specifically, the MGR Program aims to contribute to the national government’s efforts to improve the ease of doing business in the country by developing mechanisms that would make regulations more relevant and coherent, and identifying specific measures to reduce unnecessary regulatory burden on specific industries. Once achieved, regulatory quality and coherence will be a stimulating factor in improving the overall business and investment climate in the country.

To help the Philippine government in its regulatory improvement initiatives, the MGR Programs developed tools and systems for the use of regulatory agencies and local governments. The Program developed the draft Regulatory Management System (RMS), which is a standard guideline for developing systems and tools for regulatory improvement.

For its regulatory review studies, in consultation with the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), the MGR Program focuses on regulations covering government-to-citizen, government-to-business and government-to-government transactions that affect the productivity of sectors/industries with the end-goal of streamlining unnecessary rules and reducing compliance costs borne by the government, from administering and enforcing regulations, as well as the transacting public.

The MGR Program’s capacity-development component focuses on capacitating regulators on the adoption of Good Regulatory Practices such as the conduct of Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA), on how to utilize RIA as a tool for evaluating the costs and benefits of proposed and existing regulations. With clear information of the benefits of regulation, RIA also encourages compliance by strengthening the legitimacy of regulatory proposals thereby improving the effect of regulation and ease the cost of enforcement for the government and compliance for the businesses.

The MGR Program has also released regulatory reform publications as part of its initiatives to increase awareness and contribute to the adoption of good regulatory practices (GRPs).

DAP Guidebook on Regulatory Impact Assessment for the Public Sector

The Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) for the Public Sector 1st Edition was primarily developed for the use of regulation authorities tasked to create, develop, and manage regulations. RIA ensures the quality of regulatory proposals by critically measuring their positive and negative effects through a rigorous, well-defined, and evidence-based analysis.

DAP Guide on Stakeholder Consultation

Effective stakeholder consultation is fundamental in removing obstacles to improving regulation, such as establishing Regulatory Management Systems (RMS) and conducting RIA. Gaining a wider perspective can lead to better solutions and pathways to regulatory reform and development.

In various endeavors towards progress, stakeholder consultation promotes good governance, transparency, citizenship, and accountability. The publication of this guidebook seeks to enhance current government efforts in engaging its stakeholders.

DAP Guidance Note on Regulatory Cost Model on Compliance Costs

The estimation of regulatory compliance costs is a significant component of RIA as it provides key inputs in assessing regulatory options. Thus, as part of its MGR Program, the DAP initiated the development of the Regulatory Cost Model (RCM). The model facilitates a systematic approach in estimating regulatory costs of compliance and helps Philippine regulatory agencies be more informed in their formulation of regulations.

As the Philippine government endeavors towards the streamlining of its processes, the publication of this guidance note seeks to enhance current efforts in formulating simpler, smarter, and better regulations that ultimately benefit the economy.

DAP Benchmarking Study on Regulatory Management in Agri-Fisheries Sector

Food safety is a primary concern of every economy, the Philippines included. Food safety, together with consumer welfare and protection, are the primary bases for the regulatory processes imposed at each stage of the business development cycle for agri-food enterprises. However, no matter how good the intentions may be, how these regulatory processes are implemented and enforced may lead to unintended outcomes, defeating the very purpose of their formulation.

Performance assessment of the Philippines’ food systems regulation through participatory action research and benchmarking with more advanced food systems regulatory regimes yielded valuable recommendations to improve the overall regulatory management system in the agriculture and fisheries sector.

To get a free copy of these regulatory reform publications, visit https://mgr.dap.edu.ph/download/.

References

Development Academy of the Philippines (2018). Consumer Goods Regulatory Review. Modernizing Government Regulations Program Regulatory Review.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2018). Ensuring the safety of imported food.http://www.fao.org/3/ca0286en/CA0286EN.pdf

Manalili, N. M., Ramos III F. A., Saliendres, M. D., Alvarez, A. D. (2020). Enhancing Regulatory

Management in the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector: A Benchmarking Study (Implications for Food Safety and Quality Regulatory Management System in the Philippines). Development Academy of the Philippines, PRP Printing.

Morales, R. (2013). Philippines. In Banking regulation 2013 (pp. 135-139). Law Business Research.

DAP Modernizing Government Regulations Program releases regulatory reform publications | PDC http://pdc.dap.edu.ph/index.php/dap-modernizing-government-regulations-program-releases-regulatory-reform-publications/